Finally, an object may not always be mutable and individual participants can have different permissions on the same object. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer uses a new feature in CloudKit called Record Zone Sharing, covered in more detail in the session "What's New in CloudKit." With this code in place, build and run on your second device. Sign in to your Apple ID. CloudKit provides you ready to use data sharing API that allows you to implement collaborative features of your app without much effort. than the simple injection I used in the test. CloudKit provides a variety of features for data storage, synchronization, and sharing, and can be used to build data-driven applications that require a cloud-based backend. that is allowed to operate on those objects in some way. you're probably familiar with hierarchical sharing, NSPersistentCloudKitContainer uses a new feature in CloudKit, called Record Zone Sharing, covered in more detail, But let's take a look at how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. Once you add the destination, tap the destination to view DestinationDetailView. Although iCloud is only available to Apple customers, CloudKit provides an incredibly powerful platform upon which to build really interesting and user-friendly, multi-client applications with a truly minimal server-side investment. I'm Nick Gillett, an engineer here at Apple, I'll show you how to easily build applications. What is the easiest way to share files between users with CloudKit? I've already modified it to support sharing posts with different iCloud users. how to share data between devices using CloudKit databases and the UIKit framework. Now, you should see a Button with Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash"). 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. One user shows up as a Owner and the other as a Private User, with both users having Read-Write permissions. If a match returns, this object is already shared. Tapping that brings up the set of participants. CloudKit sharing allows records stored within a private CloudKit database to be shared with other app users at the discretion of the record owner. Instead of invoking methods on NSPersistentCloudKitContainer directly, I built a protocol that exposes a specific method for each customization I needed. to present information about shared objects. Then just create a deplink that includes that unique identifier. The first step does a one-time setup in preparation for writing the record, and the second step passes the assembled record down to the singleton CloudKitNoteDatabase class. It has a wide variety of actions I can take, including a number of ways to share. Its fair to say iCloud got off to a bit of a rocky start. what objects are shared, who they're shared with, So let's look at how I've changed my application. Each of these is mirrored to a persistent store. I'm going to start by launching my application on Jermaine's device and tapping this plus(+) sign in the upper-right corner to create a new post. When you app is opened with such a link, then you can download the CKRecord and you will have the file in a CKAsset. Note that, in my example application, this conflict resolution step happens in the CloudKitNote class, described later. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The most amazing part is that because your data is now synced in iCloud, you can run your app on a completely different device thats signed in to the same iCloud account and see all your data! Then setup deeplinking for your app. I'll give it a simple title-- "Sharing demos are great"-- and tap Done. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. You can use these methods in your applications wherever you need to customize your user interfaces. See the solution below: [spoiler title=Solution 2] Implicit in all of this is that CloudKit may not always be available. So let's look at how I've changed my application to communicate these states and privileges. Although this adds complexity to the client, its ultimately a far better solution than having Apple come up with one of a few server-side mechanisms for conflict resolution. In my example, I do this by using CKFetchRecordZoneChangesOperation and CKServerChangeTokens. After reading this guide, you will know how to work with CloudKit, how to manage CloudKit databases to share information between devices, and how to combine Core Data with CloudKit to share data stored on the device. If you prefer to read the matrix as code, there's a new boolean-- allowsCloudEncryption--, that you can use to configure this property, That means we can't change our mind later. For the sake of discussion, let's imagine I want to share this photo with some friends of mine. Please note all the code has explanatory comments at the key points. In Core Data, we think of our objects in terms of NSManagedObject. Tap the entry you want to update the permissions for. Also, CloudKit provides a specific record type for large binary objects. to NSPersistentCloudKitContainer to support sharing. From here, tap the Share button in the top-right corner. This framework (https://github.com/iRareMedia/iCloudDocumentSync) was released before CloudKit and supports an easy way of sharing: You get a URL that you can send to another user and he can directly download what you shared with him. We've enabled adoption of encrypted values. No specific cutoff point is specified (a maximum of 1MB total is recommended for each CKRecord), but as a rule of thumb, just about anything that feels like an independent item (an image, a sound, a blob of text) rather than as a database field should probably be stored as a CKAsset. A user of an app could, for example, make one or more records accessible to other users so that they can view and, optionally, modify the record. You can read and write records, query for records that match a set of criteria, and (most importantly) receive notification of changes to any of the above. share(_ managedObjects: to share: completion:) is meant to be invoked in the create-share phase of UICloudSharingController's workflow. Download the starter project by clicking the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial. The CKFetchRecordsOperation operates on one or more records at a time. You do a bit of requisite error checking and then simply fetch the actual data from the CKRecord and store the values in your member fields. With this code in place, navigate back to DestinationDetailView.swift to present CloudSharingView. This chapter has covered the basics of CloudKit sharing, a topic which will be covered further in a later chapter entitled An iOS CloudKit Sharing Example. The way to enable these silent notifications is to set the shouldSendContentAvailable property on the CKNotificationInfo instance, while leaving all of the traditional notification settings (shouldBadge, soundName, and so on) unset. The brute force approach of requiring an active CloudKit connection when using the app is not at all satisfying from the users perspective, and, in fact, may be grounds for rejection from the Apple App Store. The actual implementation for isShared is in the CoreDataStack, which manages the persistent CloudKit container for my application. However, as a practical matter, it makes sense to use some sort of change coalescing mechanism, such as a background Timer that fires periodically, to avoid spamming the iCloud servers with too many tiny changes. CloudKit sharing provides a way for records contained within a private database to be shared with other app users, entirely at the discretion of the owner of that database. Build and run again. Now that youve sent an invitation to your second user, you need to set the app to accept the invitation and add the data into the shared store. Youll build this action in this tutorial. After you have logged into the console, open CloudKit Database. Basic CloudKit Setup CloudKit organizes data via a hierarchy of classes: CKContainer, CKDatabase, CKRecordZone, and CKRecord. which tells it I'm ready to continue the sharing flow. that constrain how they can act on a particular set of objects. However, such conflicts can arise from other circumstances. to store objects in a specific shared zone. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Rather than relying on individual notifications to give you detailed knowledge of what change an individual notification represents, you use a notification to simply indicate that something has changed, and then you can ask CloudKit whats changed since the last time you asked. Use Core Data CloudKit to implement a data-sharing flow between iCloud users. CloudKit prefixes your entities with CD to distinguish them from traditional CloudKit records. It rejects specific requests with enough error context in the response to allow each client to make a local, enlightened decision about how to resolve the conflict. that allows me to call up an Action sheet. It checks databaseScope and determines whether its private or shared. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer manages these zones. Let's see that in action. That means we can't change our mind later and choose to encrypt fields that aren't already encrypted today in production. If it is, then this object is already shared. For iOS and macOS, Apple provides a robust toolkit, called CloudKit API, which allows developers targeting Apple platforms to solve this synchronization problem. If I tap on it, I can also see the participants, displayed at the bottom of the detail view controller. Ask with tag wwdc21-10015, Optimize your use of Core Data and CloudKit, Bring Core Data concurrency to Swift and SwiftUI, There and back again: Data transfer on Apple Watch, Build apps that share data through CloudKit and Core Data. A record? This logic first checks to see whether the object is shared. Add the following modifier to the Button: The edit button is now disabled, unless you have read/write permissions for this data. Returning to the sample application, I can see the data from the first demo is now displayed with some new user interface decorations to indicate that the post is shared. There you go! Pauls been a developer for nearly three decades, working with many tech stacks but with a focus on Apple. In my brief demo, I showed an application that makes use of two CloudKit databases, the .private and the .shared database. Each participant will also have their own collection of devices. CloudKit: For managing structured data and sharing data among users. fetchShares(matching objectIDs:) is new in iOS 15 and allows me to get the CKShare for a specific post. provided by NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. In addition, they would see my two zones that I share with them and any other zones they are a participant on in their .shared database. So how does NSPersistentCloudKitContainer know where to keep your records? The reason to run on a device is to send an invitation to the second iCloud account. Once the CloudKit schema is pushed to production, we can't change any of the field types. CloudKit organizes data via a hierarchy of classes: CKContainer, CKDatabase, CKRecordZone, and CKRecord. The owner is the iCloud account that actually owns an object. Below the Data section, click Records. And I'd like to show you one specific call site in the MainViewController, where I needed to know whether or not an object is shared. It: Now, open DestinationDetailView.swift. and a shared zone that they own in their .private database. Update the selected zone from defaultZone to the automatically generated com.apple.coredata.cloudkit.zone. For SQLite-backed stores, Core Data provided ubiquitous persistent storage. The simple act of writing a record to the database is straightforward enough, but in my example, with multiple clients, this is where youll face the potential issue of handling a conflict when multiple clients attempt to write to the server concurrently. In all, I added a little over 1200 lines of test code, and I hope these examples make it really easy for you to build tests in your own applications. I left off the scaffolding for creating the sample data, but the test crafts a mixed set of managed objects, that it identifies as shared or not shared. Next, open DestinationDetailView.swift. This is because you havent accepted the invitation yet. Heather, Jermaine, Percy, and Mary are all test accounts I regularly work with when I'm building sharing features. Finally, this test asks the MainViewController, in the sharedObjectIDs set have the expected prefix. This is a cute trick in Swift that allows me to simply check if the provided objectID is in sharedObjectIDs. we think of our objects in terms of NSManagedObject. and modify records in these shared zones. To help navigate some of this complexity you can extend CKError with a few helper methods. - Accepting a shared note will now move it to the top level of your notes folder - Fixed a bug where clicking on the month name on macOS shifted the calendar weeks - Improved website titles when pasting a web link in NotePlan - iCloud Drive sync is now hidden as a sync option for new users since Cloudkit provides a better sync experience before deploying your schema to production. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. Swift, Android, Kotlin, Flutter, Dart, Server-Side Swift, Unity, and more! So I'll change the share options to mark the share as View Only. To demonstrate how sharing works with NSPersistentCloudKitContainer, I'm going to be using our sample application, Syncing a Core Data Store with the Cloud. Since CloudKit is deeply tied to Apples operating systems and devices, its not suitable for applications that require a broader range of device support, such as Android or Windows clients. was to be able to accept share invitations. I'll open the CoreDataCloudKitDemo managed object model, and there's a specific property on the post entity I want to show you called location. Now, I could go through this implementation line by line, but that's not what's important here. Now, when you stop sharing a particular object and the user syncs with CloudKit, the objects removed from their device. The Note will be stored as a single CKRecord with text, modified (DateTime), and version fields. I've had to make a number of changes to the user interface. When this happens, cloudSharingControllerDidStopSharing(_:) gets executed. to communicate these states and privileges. Both the CKShare and associated CKRecord object are then saved to the private database. These are all the changes I had to make for my first demo, but my application also needs to effectively communicate what objects are shared, who they're shared with, and what those participants can do. by tapping this person icon in the upper right. From the home screen, open Settings. Next, we'll take a deep dive into the mechanics of sharing. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? Add a destination. designed to pair directly with UICloudSharingController. Please enable JavaScript to enjoy the best experience. Here I've chosen four friends to share the photo with. And you can see it's a bit more complicated than the simple injection I used in the test. What has meta-philosophy to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? If I'm allowed to, I can add records that I own to any of those zones just as they can in the zones that I own. Now I'm going to add a new post, give it a title, and tap Done. CloudKit sharing involves the creation of CKShare objects initialized with the record to be shared. The exact version of the record you tried to save. Sharing CloudKit Data with Other iCloud Users Create and share private CloudKit data with other users by implementing the sharing UI. It is important to be aware that this fetch operation must be executed on the shared cloud database instance of the app instead of the recipients private database. Toptal handpicks top iOS developers to suit yourneeds. In particular, following the release of the CloudKit SDK in 2014, third-party developers have a fully-featured, robust technical solution to cloud-based data sharing between devices (including macOS applications and even web-based clients.). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Prior to the release of iOS 10, the only way to share CloudKit records between users was to store those records in a public database. I'll open Mail and tap the link inside the email I sent, And exactly how much did I have to change, Sharing is by far the most complicated feature. So I'll change the share options to mark the share as View Only. Once you accept the share on the second device, its now part of your shared zone in iCloud. Search for jobs related to Cloudkit share data between users or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 21m+ jobs. Sharing with one other person is interesting, Each of these participants will be able to access. When the user taps the link that was shared earlier and accepts the invitation, the delegate calls this method and launches the app. Owners create and share objects with a set of participants. If I tap on it, I can see that the Edit button is disabled and the participants entry for Jermaine shows that he is a Read-Only participant on the share. On Jermaine's device now, I'll accept the new share. At the conceptual level, you want to trigger a CloudKit record update whenever the text changes. But ideally, we would have a single place directly in the Photos app where my friends and I can share our photos with each other. With sharing, NSPersistentCloudKitContainer will also create shared zones for me with a CKShare record that controls who can access these zones that I own. When the app comes up, youll notice the shared journal entry doesnt show up. See the solution below: [spoiler title=Solution 1] When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? Open CoreDataStack.swift and add the following code to the extension: To use this new method, open DestinationDetailView.swift. Navigate to AppDelegate.swift and youll see SceneDelegate is empty. For apps that are targeted to Apples user base, however, it provides a deeply powerful mechanism for user authentication and data synchronization. enum NSPersistentCloudKitContainer.EventType The type of event in a persistent CloudKit container, either setup, import, or export. More importantly, you have a foundation for adding more advanced CloudKit functionality. At the top level is CKContainer, which encapsulates a set of related CloudKit data. Let's get started with sharing. The SharingProvider protocol makes it easy to test these decision points by injection. Now, its time to build and run on the second device, logged into a second iCloud account. Youll need to ensure that you have set a unique bundle identifier at this point. Depending on the context, you may wish to assign a higher qualityOfService and handle these situations yourself. It's called the SharingProvider. Sets the title of the share, using the caption of the. and how that affects the types of experiences you can build. In addition to sending a share link, the app must also be adapted to accept a share and fetch the record for the shared cloud database. Thus, your AppDelegate should call application.registerForRemoteNotifications in didFinishLaunchingWithOptions and implement didReceiveRemoteNotification. Here I've chosen four friends to share the photo with. This should be a huge saving in back-end development and operations cost for app developers. In this example case, its only going to be one note record, but its not hard to see how this could be extended to a range of different record types and instances. Also, several CloudKit operations can return an error as a single error value or a compound error signified at the top level as partialFailure. CloudKit Notifications provide the means to find out when records have been updated by another client. Once youve completed these steps, the data in your app then automagically sync with iCloud. This is a thorny problem with many gotchas and pitfalls, but users expect the feature and expect it to work well. I've configured it to be an optional Transformable attribute and checked this new Allows Cloud Encryption checkbox. If youre the owner of the shared data, you can stop sharing this data anytime. Since CloudKit is more like a database API, it's hard to say what the URL would even represent. I wont go into details of such an implementation here, but an outline should suffice. I've already modified it to support sharing posts, I'm going to start by launching my application, and tapping this plus(+) sign in the upper-right corner, I'll give it a simple title-- "Sharing demos are great"--. CloudKit - How to share multiple records and retrieve shared records? Once you add a destination, youll see it on the main screen like below. For example, I might need to know whether or not an object is shared. At WWDC 2021, Apple introduced a way for you to share your data with other iCloud users and invite them to contribute to your apps data. This is a cute trick in Swift that allows me to simply check. The only way to distinguish the private records versus shared records is to tap the detail and view the role in the participants list. They build on Apples notification infrastructure to allow various clients to get push notifications when certain CloudKit changes occur. Next, I configure an instance of the BlockBasedShareProvider. If it doesnt have an associated share record, theres no need to continue. Second, enable the iCloud capability in your app. share(_ managedObjects: to share: completion:) is a new method designed to pair directly with UICloudSharingController. On Mary's device, I'll accept the new share, and now I can see the new post. But this isn't how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer works. Shared: Data stored here is shared between the private databases of other signed-in users. Within this container, youre going to use the private database (because you want the users note to be seen only by that user) and within the private database, youre going to use a custom record zone, which enables notification of specific record changes. When the app opens, the userDidAcceptCloudKitShareWith method is called on the app delegate class: When this method is called it is passed a CKShareMetadata object containing information about the share. Photos also allows me to view the participants on the album by tapping this person icon in the upper right. And I'd like to show you one specific call site. The final step is to set the cloudKitContainerOptions property for the sharedStoreDescription you created. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer manages these zones and automatically assigns records to them. An Overview: [WWDC 2016] Session 226 - What's New with CloudKit If you want to start diving into the new documentation, check out: CKShare CKShareParticipant CKFetchShareParticipantsOperation Were you able to figure it out? [/spoiler]. to write all of these tests and structure the application. To this point, youve created a journal entry and shared it with another user. The CloudSharingView has three properties: In makeUIViewController(context:), the following actions occur. It is capable of handling large file transfers seamlessly. A user of an app could, for example, make one or more records accessible to other users so that they can view and, optionally, modify the record. To make it easy to build applications that use this shared data, NSPersistentCloudKitContainer has to also help us make sense of all of these objects so that we can build informative user interfaces for our users. Our users need all of that information so that they can make good decisions about the objects they choose to share. Then, I set its CloudKit container options databaseScope property to .shared. This means not only the owner but also the second user can modify the data shared with them. I've already saved Heather and Mary in my address book. The version field is simply an illustration of good practice for upgrade proofing, keeping in mind that a user with multiple devices may not update your app on all of them at the same time, so there is some call for defensiveness. 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